Naming our concerns about neuroscience: a review of Bennett and Hacker's philosophical foundations of neuroscience.
Speak about whole people, not their parts, or you will smuggle hidden causes into your case notes.
01Research in Context
What this study did
Otrebski (2005) read a philosophy book and pulled out one big warning. The book says brain scientists often say 'the brain decides' or 'the brain remembers.' That is the mereological fallacy: giving a part what only the whole person can do. The paper lists the mistake and tells behavior analysts to keep language tied to what we can see.
What they found
The review finds no lab data. Instead it shows that fancy brain talk hides the real action. If you say 'his brain is impulsive,' you stop looking at the child's history and the room that shapes the acts. The paper says: stay with what organisms do in their worlds, not what brains supposedly do inside.
How this fits with other research
Barrett (2016) takes the same warning further. Where Otrebski (2005) says 'do not say the brain thinks,' Louise adds 'do not say the brain computes.' Both papers guard behavior analysis from computer-brain talk that sneaks mentalism back in.
Morris et al. (1982) beat the same drum earlier. That paper told readers to shun any cognitive middleman. Otrebski (2005) agrees but uses newer neuroscience examples to show why the rule still matters.
Martens et al. (1989) looks opposite at first glance. It cheers a merger of biology and behavior analysis. Otrebski (2005) does not reject biology; it only says brain facts must cash out as observable behavior. The two papers fit: use biology, but describe behavior first.
Why it matters
When you write reports or talk to parents, watch your verbs. Say 'the child requests,' not 'the brain wants attention.' This keeps treatment plans tied to environment changes you can control. Guarding your language guards your science and keeps the field honest.
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02At a glance
03Original abstract
Bennett and Hacker use conceptual analysis to appraise the theoretical language of modern cognitive neuroscientists, and conclude that neuroscientific theory is largely dualistic despite the fact that neuroscientists equate mind with the operations of the brain. The central error of cognitive neuroscientists is to commit the mereological fallacy, the tendency to ascribe to the brain psychological concepts that only make sense when ascribed to whole animals. The authors review how the mereological fallacy is committed in theories of memory, perception, thinking, imagery, belief, consciousness, and other psychological processes studied by neuroscientists, and the consequences that fallacious reasoning have for our understanding of how the brain participates in cognition and behavior. Several behavior-analytic concepts may themselves be nonsense based on thorough conceptual analyses in which the criteria for sense and nonsense are found in the ways the concepts are used in ordinary language. Nevertheless, the authors' nondualistic approach and their consistent focus on behavioral criteria for the application of psychological concepts make Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience an important contribution to cognitive neuroscience.
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 2005 · doi:10.1901/jeab.2005.83-05