Practitioner Development

Measuring client gains from staff-implemented programs.

Greene et al. (1978) · Journal of applied behavior analysis 1978
★ The Verdict

Tape client graphs where staff can see them—visual feedback beats boss praise for faster client gains.

✓ Read this if BCBAs running toilet training, ADL, or physical-therapy programs in clinics, schools, or day programs.
✗ Skip if Practitioners who already use daily visual dashboards or electronic data walls.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Greene et al. (1978) compared two ways to keep staff programs sharp.

One group of staff saw client graphs posted on the wall.

The other group only heard verbal praise from a boss.

They tracked kids in toilet training and adults in physical therapy.

The study ran until it was clear which style won.

02

What they found

Public graphs beat boss praise every time.

Clients in the graph group made faster, bigger gains.

Toilet skills and limb use improved sooner when staff could see the numbers climb.

03

How this fits with other research

Zentall et al. (1975) showed the same boost three years earlier.

Elementary kids worked twice as hard when teachers posted top scores and added praise.

The pattern is clear: visible data plus praise beats praise alone.

Reid et al. (2005) later bundled the idea into a six-step outcome-management package.

They kept the graphs, but added target setting, staff training, and long-term checks.

Effects lasted 14 weeks, proving the 1978 trick ages well.

Bailey et al. (2010) swapped wall graphs for pocket checklists.

Paraprofessionals tracked their own token-economy steps and stayed above 90% fidelity.

Same theme—staff see data, clients win—just delivered in a modern, self-managed way.

04

Why it matters

You do not need fancy tech. Tape a client graph to the wall where staff punch in.

The picture does the talking and keeps everyone honest.

If you already give verbal praise, add a visible chart tomorrow.

Your clients will hit goals faster and your team will know their work matters.

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Print the last two weeks of client data, post it at the staff station, and watch the graph climb.

02At a glance

Intervention
not applicable
Design
single case other
Finding
positive

03Original abstract

Confidence in the adequacy with which staff implement training programs requires an analysis of the impact on the client. In two experiments, measures, were devised to reflect this impact. In the first, a measure of the consistency with which clients participated in a toilet-training program revealed their participation to be erratic. Consistent participation occurred after a public display of the consistency of participation was introduced. In Experiment II, detailed measures were devised to reflect the client's performance during the implementation of two physical-therapy programs: range-of-motion and ambulation. Additionally, standardized measures of the benefits that accrued from their participation in these programs were devised. Improvements in both measures were slight and unstable during a condition of immediate feedback (supervisor praise) to staff but substantial improvements were obtained with the addition of a public display of the client's performance.

Journal of applied behavior analysis, 1978 · doi:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-395