Practitioner Development

Individual differences, intelligence, and behavior analysis.

Williams et al. (2008) · Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior 2008
★ The Verdict

Treat intelligence as a set of learnable response patterns—processing speed, working memory, and contingency detection—not as a fixed trait.

✓ Read this if BCBAs who write skill-acquisition plans or train staff on learner differences.
✗ Skip if Clinicians looking for direct treatment data on autism or severe problem behavior.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Williams et al. (2008) wrote a think-piece. They asked why behavior analysts ignore IQ scores.

The paper maps intelligence onto speed of learning, memory for rules, and how fast kids notice contingencies.

02

What they found

There is no finding to graph. The paper argues we should treat 'smart' and 'slow' as learnable response patterns, not fixed traits.

If we measure processing speed and working memory in real tasks, we can predict how fast each learner will master new skills.

03

How this fits with other research

Hobson (1984) and Parrott (1984) beat the same drum earlier. Both said behavior analysis must study complex stuff like remembering or problem-solving to stay relevant. Ben et al. answer by aiming the lens at intelligence itself.

Langthorne et al. (2007) swap the mental word 'sensitivity' for the behavioral term 'motivating operation.' Ben et al. do the same trick: swap 'IQ' for functional relations among speed, memory, and contingency learning.

Moore (2016) stretches behavior-analytic thinking across the lifespan. Ben et al. stretch it across individual differences. Same method, new turf.

04

Why it matters

Next time you label a client 'low functioning,' try writing speed and memory goals instead. Measure how many seconds the kid needs to find the correct card, or how many rules he can hold in a sequence. Chart those behaviors and watch them grow. You will stop talking about fixed ability and start talking about teachable variables that your intervention can move.

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Pick one learner, time how long it takes him to complete a 5-item matching task, and set a 10% speed goal for the week.

02At a glance

Intervention
not applicable
Design
theoretical
Finding
not reported

03Original abstract

Despite its avowed goal of understanding individual behavior, the field of behavior analysis has largely ignored the determinants of consistent differences in level of performance among individuals. The present article discusses major findings in the study of individual differences in intelligence from the conceptual framework of a functional analysis of behavior. In addition to general intelligence, we discuss three other major aspects of behavior in which individuals differ: speed of processing, working memory, and the learning of three-term contingencies. Despite recent progress in our understanding of the relations among these aspects of behavior, numerous issues remain unresolved. Researchers need to determine which learning tasks predict individual differences in intelligence and which do not, and then identify the specific characteristics of these tasks that make such prediction possible.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 2008 · doi:10.1901/jeab.2008.90-219