Assessment & Research

Using rapidly alternating multiple schedules to assess and treat aberrant behavior in natural settings.

Zanolli et al. (1999) · Behavior modification 1999
★ The Verdict

A five-minute RAMS swap game tells you exactly what natural reinforcer will tame aggression or disruption.

✓ Read this if BCBAs who need a fast classroom assessment for severe problem behavior.
✗ Skip if Clinicians who already have full FA data or work where teachers cannot switch tasks quickly.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Buitelaar et al. (1999) tested a five-minute classroom routine called RAMS.

RAMS flips fast between short play and work moments while the teacher watches what keeps problem behavior low.

Four children with aggression or disruption joined the quick swaps so the team could spot the real payoff for good behavior.

02

What they found

RAMS showed in minutes which everyday events—like a funny comment or quick game—cut problem behavior.

Treatments built from those events dropped aggression and disruption for every child.

The whole test-to-plan step took less time than a coffee break.

03

How this fits with other research

Strohmeier et al. (2018) and Livingston et al. (2021) repeat the RAMS idea with parents doing a 5-10 minute check called RAAT.

They also find the right kind of attention fast, proving the speed trick works outside the lab.

LMcQuaid et al. (2024) push breathlessness further with a 42-minute synthesized FA that still beats old week-long tests, showing the field keeps racing toward quicker answers.

04

Why it matters

You can copy RAMS tomorrow. Run two-minute play, two-minute work, watch what calms the storm, and plug that reinforcer straight into the BIP. No extra gear, no long sessions, just natural classroom stuff that already works.

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→ Action — try this Monday

Schedule two-minute play and work rotations, note what keeps hands and voice calm, then deliver that same event right after the next appropriate response.

02At a glance

Intervention
functional analysis
Design
single case other
Sample size
4
Population
other
Finding
positive

03Original abstract

The validity of using rapidly alternating multiple schedules (RAMS) as a method for assessing and treating aggression and disruptive behavior was demonstrated by using the naturally occurring reinforces identified in the RAMS to develop treatments that were experimentally tested. The RAMS consists of a series of 2-minute components in which a naturally occurring consequence is applied contingent on the target's behavior, alternated with components in which the consequence is not applied, with no break between components. The aggressive and disruptive behaviors of four 2- to 11-year-old children were analyzed and treated in school and home settings. The RAMS analyses yielded clear results about the reinforcing function of naturally occurring consequences in all cases, and the treatments using the reinforcers identified in the RAMS were all effective. The possible uses of the RAMS as an efficient, ecologically and experimentally valid tool for clinical assessment are discussed.

Behavior modification, 1999 · doi:10.1177/0145445599233002