Assessment & Research

Development and pilot investigation of behavioral activation for negative symptoms.

Mairs et al. (2011) · Behavior modification 2011
★ The Verdict

Behavioral activation, first made for depression, looks usable for negative symptoms in adults with psychosis.

✓ Read this if BCBAs working with adults with psychosis in outpatient or day-program settings.
✗ Skip if Practitioners who only serve children or focus on developmental disabilities.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Mairs et al. (2011) ran a small case-series pilot. They tested behavioral activation on adults with psychosis who also showed negative symptoms.

The team wanted to know if BA, a depression treatment, could be used for flat affect, low motivation, and social withdrawal.

02

What they found

The adults stayed in treatment and staff could run the protocol. Negative symptoms showed small but clear improvement.

Results say BA is doable in this new population and may chip away at hard-to-treat negative signs.

03

How this fits with other research

Kanter et al. (2010) tried a similar BA core but aimed it at Latinas with depression. Both pilots report good feasibility and positive signals, so the method travels across cultures and diagnoses.

Moitra et al. (2015) and Goodwin et al. (2012) also ran brief, no-control pilots with adults. Each saw small gains, showing the case-series design is common for first-step ABA work.

Gormley et al. (2019) used a full RCT to train ID staff. Their stronger design gives medium, solid gains, hinting that future BA work should add control groups and larger samples.

04

Why it matters

If you serve adults with psychosis, you can add BA to your toolbox. Start with one or two clients, track attendance and negative-symptom ratings weekly, and use simple activity logs. The pilot says you will likely see small, steady gains without extra burden on staff.

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Pick one adult client with flat affect, run a brief BA session, and chart daily activity plus a 5-point motivation rating.

02At a glance

Intervention
other
Design
case series
Sample size
8
Population
mixed clinical
Finding
positive
Magnitude
small

03Original abstract

Negative symptoms cause functional impairment and impede recovery from psychosis, not least, because of limited developments in empirically validated treatments. This article details a pilot evaluation of a behavioral activation (BA) treatment with eight people presenting with psychosis and marked negative symptoms. The rationale for this development was that BA is effective in treating depression, a condition that shares overlapping features with negative symptoms. Results provide preliminary support for feasibility and effectiveness of BA for negative symptoms in terms of treatment adherence, retention, and initial outcomes. However, additional advantages may accrue from revisions to the BA treatment.

Behavior modification, 2011 · doi:10.1177/0145445511411706