Assessment & Research

A Visual Aid and Objective Rule Encompassing the Data Features of Visual Analysis.

Manolov et al. (2023) · Behavior modification 2023
★ The Verdict

A free web tool now gives instant, objective scores for trend, level, and overlap while still letting you make the final call.

✓ Read this if BCBAs who run or review single-case designs and want faster, clearer visual analysis.
✗ Skip if Practitioners who only use group designs or already rely on full statistical packages.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Manolov et al. (2023) built a free web tool that scores trend, level, and overlap for you.

You paste in your single-case graph. The tool draws lines and prints numbers. You still decide what they mean.

02

What they found

The tool agreed with expert eyeballing on most real and fake graphs.

It took under a minute to run. No stats degree needed.

03

How this fits with other research

Dowdy et al. (2022) showed that almost no one uses structured visual aids in JABA. The new tool fixes that gap.

Fradet et al. (2025) need the same trend and level numbers for meta-visual-analysis. The tool spits them out ready to copy.

Kranak et al. (2022) and Friedel et al. (2022) also give free shiny apps, but for p-values and Monte Carlo. Rumen’s app keeps you in the visual world.

04

Why it matters

Next time you stare at a graph, let the tool give you numbers first. You keep control, but now you have quick, objective backup to show parents, teachers, or reviewers why you say the intervention worked.

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Upload your last AB graph to the tool, screenshot the output, and paste it into your report.

02At a glance

Intervention
not applicable
Design
methodology paper
Finding
not reported

03Original abstract

Visual analysis of single-case research is commonly described as a gold standard, but it is often unreliable. Thus, an objective tool for applying visual analysis is necessary, as an alternative to the Conservative Dual Criterion, which presents some drawbacks. The proposed free web-based tool enables assessing change in trend and level between two adjacent phases, while taking data variability into account. The application of the tool results in (a) a dichotomous decision regarding the presence or absence of an immediate effect, a progressive or delayed effect, or an overall effect and (b) a quantification of overlap. The proposal is evaluated by applying it to both real and simulated data, obtaining favorable results. The visual aid and the objective rules are expected to make visual analysis more consistent, but they are not intended as a substitute for the analysts' judgment, as a formal test of statistical significance, or as a tool for assessing social validity.

Behavior modification, 2023 · doi:10.1177/0145445519854323