ABA Fundamentals

The behavioral economics of production.

Allison et al. (1993) · Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior 1993
★ The Verdict

Rat licking rises with higher work requirements and more workers, following the same diminishing-returns rule seen in factories.

✓ Read this if BCBAs who write high-response programs or manage teams of RBTs
✗ Skip if Clinicians focused only on low-rate mand or leisure programs

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

The team tested if rat licking follows a factory rule. They raised the number of tongue lifts needed for water. They also added more rats or more water spouts.

The setup copied an old economics idea: more workers plus more machines should raise total output, but only up to a point.

02

What they found

Harder work rules pushed the rats to lick more, not less. Extra rats or extra spouts also lifted total licks. The curve matched a Cobb-Douglas production function.

Output still grew, yet each new worker or station gave smaller and smaller gains.

03

How this fits with other research

Delmendo et al. (2009) extends the same price idea to kids. They showed that when each M&M costs more button presses, children buy fewer M&Ms. Both studies say the same thing: higher unit price cuts consumption.

Killeen (1978) came earlier and asked what happens when daily food is capped. Rats still worked hard but shifted choice toward the cheaper reinforcer. Szempruch et al. (1993) flips the question: instead of limiting income, they boost labor and capital and watch total output rise.

McGonigle et al. (1982) used one rat on two levers and found that pressing more on the rich lever can suppress output on the lean lever. The 1993 paper shows the opposite side: adding extra rats or stations can raise the grand total without hurting anyone’s rate.

04

Why it matters

Your client’s “response factory” behaves like the rat data. If you raise the task demand, you may get more total work, but only while the cost feels worth it. Adding helpers or materials can also lift output, yet each new helper gives smaller gains. Use this when you set high-response programs or add staff: watch for the sweet spot where extra effort or extra hands still pays off.

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→ Action — try this Monday

Graph your client’s total responses while you slowly increase the response requirement; stop when the gain per extra response drops below your payoff line

02At a glance

Intervention
not applicable
Design
other
Population
not specified
Finding
positive

03Original abstract

In two experiments, thirsty rats licked an empty spout instrumentally for water delivered at a neighboring spout. Each such pair of spouts constituted a work station, and one, two, or three stations were available in the test enclosure. In 1-hr sessions, the rats worked alone or in the company of 1 or 2 other rats, and performed either five, 10, or 40 licks at the empty spout for each water delivery. The total number of empty-spout licks, summed across rats and stations, increased with the empty-lick requirement and, with some exceptions, the number of rats in the enclosure and the number of work stations available. A Cobb-Douglas production function, with instrumental responding as an output and the three independent variables as inputs, accounted for a significant percentage of the variance. Contrary to that function, output failed to increase with additional rats (or work stations) when the number of work stations (or rats) was relatively small.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 1993 · doi:10.1901/jeab.1993.60-559