Research Cluster

Self-Control and Delayed Reinforcement

This cluster shows how kids and teens pick between a small treat now or a bigger treat later. It tells us that waiting gets easier if we start with no wait and slowly add fun things to do during the wait. BCBAs can use these tricks to help learners wait for bigger rewards instead of grabbing tiny ones right away. Good waiting skills make home and school plans work better.

53articles
1980–2024year range
5key findings
Key Findings

What 53 articles tell us

  1. Giving a learner something enjoyable to do during a delay is the most reliable way to increase self-control across dozens of studies.
  2. Starting with a very short wait and slowly adding time — delay fading — teaches children to choose larger rewards over smaller immediate ones.
  3. Adding a signal that marks when the wait is over can quadruple the delay that children with language deficits are willing to tolerate.
  4. When you must delay reinforcement, edible rewards maintain behavior better than tokens that are exchanged later.
  5. Keeping intertrial intervals at 15 seconds or longer prevents inflating impulsive responding during self-control tasks.
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Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions from BCBAs and RBTs

Start with a delay so short the child almost always succeeds, then add a few seconds at a time. Give them something to do during the wait. This delay-fading approach is backed by many studies and works for children and adults alike.

Any engaging activity — a toy, a puzzle, a simple task — works. The activity fills the wait time and makes delaying feel less punishing. Research finds this is the single most effective modification for improving self-control choice.

Yes. Adding a visual or auditory signal that marks when the delay ends can dramatically increase tolerance for waiting, especially in learners with language delays. A simple timer or colored card is enough.

When you are still building the skill, edibles hold their value better than tokens during a delay. Once the learner has a strong self-control history, you can transition to tokens or other delayed rewards.

Check your intertrial intervals. Gaps shorter than 15 seconds between trials tend to push learners toward impulsive choices as a session goes on. Lengthening the gap often fixes this problem without changing anything else.