ABA Fundamentals

Behavioral contrast of time allocation.

Bouzas et al. (1976) · Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior 1976
★ The Verdict

Behavioral contrast shows up even with perfect signals, so schedule changes alone can lift performance in the untouched component.

✓ Read this if BCBAs who run multiple-schedule programs in clinics or classrooms.
✗ Skip if Practitioners who use only single-schedule DTT or free-operant reinforcement.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Rogers-Warren et al. (1976) worked with pigeons on a two-part schedule.

Each part had its own color light and its own rate of food payoff.

When the payoff stopped in one part, the birds stood on a platform more in the still-paying part.

The lights told the birds exactly which part was active, so any jump in platform time could not be blamed on confusing signals.

02

What they found

Removing food from Part A made platform standing rise in Part B.

The color cues stayed the same, so the rise was caused only by the schedule change.

This confirms that behavioral contrast can happen even when the birds always know what is coming.

03

How this fits with other research

Hineline et al. (1969) saw the same rise, but they showed the jump depends on what happens next.

Their birds worked harder in Part A when Part B was about to go dry.

Rogers-Warren et al. (1976) kept the order fixed and still got contrast, proving the effect is not just about looking ahead.

McSweeney et al. (1993) later found the biggest jump when the dry part lasts 30-60 s, giving you a ready rule for your own schedules.

04

Why it matters

You now know that simply thinning reinforcement in one component can boost responding in another, even when stimuli are crystal clear.

Use this when you want to raise work rate without adding extra reinforcers.

Just cut payoff in one task for half a minute, watch the other task climb, and keep your signals clean.

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→ Action — try this Monday

Pick a two-task session, stop reinforcement in Task A for 30-60 s, and measure if Task B responses rise while the SD stays on.

02At a glance

Intervention
not applicable
Design
single case other
Population
not specified
Finding
positive

03Original abstract

Pigeons' standing on a platform produced food reinforcement according to two-component multiple schedules in which either both components consisted of the same variable-interval schedule or one of these was replaced with a component without reinforcement (extinction). The components of the multiple schedule alternated every 30 sec, and were signalled by changes in the color of diffuse overhead illumination. Changing the schedule of one of the components to extinction increased the percentage of time spent on the platform during the unchanged component (behavioral contrast). This result casts doubt on accounts that attribute behavioral contrast to variations in the rate of noninstrumental elicited responses.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 1976 · doi:10.1901/jeab.1976.25-179