Children and youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: summary of intervention recommendations after clinical diagnosis.

Jirikowic et al. (2010) looked back at 120 kids who got an FASD diagnosis at one clinic. They counted which follow-up services the team recommended most often.

The paper is a narrative review, not an experiment. It lists referral patterns, not treatment outcomes.

Speech-language therapy topped the list. Occupational therapy and mental-health supports came next.

These three referrals showed up again and again, making them a useful checklist for other clinics.

Pei et al. (2017) tracked the same clinic and found families actually followed through on school and developmental referrals more than others. This turns the 2010 list into real-world uptake data.

Benallal et al. (2026) scoping review adds parent-training programs like Children’s Friendship Training. These programs line up with the 2010 mental-health referrals, showing the field is moving toward family-centered care.

Pruner et al. (2020) interviewed parents of toddlers at risk for FASD. They liked early-intervention referrals but said social-emotional and respite supports were missing. This extends the 2010 findings by showing gaps families still feel.

Use the big-three referral list—speech, OT, mental health—as a quick audit for any FASD assessment you review. If one is missing, ask why. Pair these with parent-mediated options from newer reviews to cover both child and family needs.