Service Delivery

A Program Based on Common Technology to Support Communication Exchanges and Leisure in People With Intellectual and Other Disabilities.

Lancioni et al. (2019) · Behavior modification 2019
★ The Verdict

A cheap Android phone with MacroDroid and picture cards can turn adults with ID into independent texters and music choosers.

✓ Read this if BCBAs working with non-verbal adults with ID in day or residential programs
✗ Skip if Clinicians serving only verbal clients or those with strong fine-motor skills

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Seven adults with intellectual disability used a Samsung phone loaded with MacroDroid. They tapped cards or objects on the screen to trigger WhatsApp messages or music videos.

The app turned each tap into an instant action. No typing, no swiping, no staff help needed.

02

What they found

All seven people went from almost zero communication to sending messages and choosing leisure on their own. The phone did the work; the users just tapped.

03

How this fits with other research

Anonymous (2025) built on this idea and pushed it further. They added touch-screen tweaks for shaky hands and hit near 100% independence. Their study supersedes Barton et al. (2019) by showing even bigger gains with motor-friendly changes.

Robertson et al. (2013) first proved that tiny body moves—like a smile or forehead twitch—can control tech. The 2019 study keeps the same goal but swaps micro-switches for everyday objects and phones.

Wu et al. (2010) used telehealth for fitness, not talk. Both papers show tech can open doors for adults with ID, just different doors—exercise versus chat.

04

Why it matters

You can give non-verbal adults with ID a voice in one afternoon. Load MacroDroid, pick a card, link it to WhatsApp or YouTube, and let the learner tap. Start with a single message or song. When it works, add more cards. No pricey gear, no coding degree.

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→ Action — try this Monday

Tape one preferred photo to the table, set the phone to send “I want music” when the photo is tapped, and let the learner hit it three times.

02At a glance

Intervention
augmentative alternative communication
Design
single case other
Sample size
7
Population
intellectual disability
Finding
positive
Magnitude
large

03Original abstract

The aim of this study was to assess a new smartphone-based program version to allow seven participants with intellectual plus visual and/or motor disabilities and hesitant speech to send out and receive WhatsApp messages, make telephone calls, and access leisure activities. This program version relied on a Samsung A3 smartphone, which was automated through the MacroDroid application and responded to the input of specific cards and miniature objects. During the baseline (i.e., without the program), the participants' performance was zero or close to zero on communication and leisure. During the use of the program, the participants increased their frequency of WhatsApp messages sent out and received/listened to, and of leisure activities accessed. Their frequency of telephone calls averaged between virtually zero and slightly above one. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the technology used for the program and the applicability of the program in daily contexts.

Behavior modification, 2019 · doi:10.1177/0145445519850747