The effect of aquatic exercises on the physical and functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome: A non-randomised controlled trial.
Three pool sessions a week for six weeks boost heart fitness and daily-life skills in adults with Down syndrome.
01Research in Context
What this study did
Boer et al. (2019) ran a six-week aquatic program for adults with Down syndrome.
They met three times a week for pool workouts. The team tracked aerobic capacity, strength, balance, and daily-living skills.
What they found
The adults got fitter. They could walk farther and do daily tasks like standing up or climbing stairs more easily.
Strength improved a little. Balance stayed the same.
How this fits with other research
Zhao et al. (2024) saw the same idea work in autistic kids. Pool workouts boosted their thinking skills, not just fitness.
Lemons et al. (2015) showed one 20-minute treadmill walk can sharpen inhibition in Down syndrome adults. Pieter-Henk proves longer water training gives wider fitness gains.
Liu et al. (2026) explain why starting is hard. Parents fear water, programs cost money, and pools are scarce. The new data gives you evidence to fight those barriers.
Why it matters
You now have proof that pool time three days a week lifts heart fitness and daily skills in adults with Down syndrome. Use this to add aquatic sessions to adult day programs, write stronger insurance justifications, or partner with local YMCAs.
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02At a glance
03Original abstract
BACKGROUND: The importance of exercise for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has been well documented. The use of aquatic exercises may be an attractive alternative to land-based exercises for individuals with musculoskeletal conditions such as low muscle tone and excess adiposity as found in adults with DS. As a result, the purpose of the current study was to study the effect of an aquatic training intervention on the functional fitness for adults with DS. METHODS: Participants were recruited from two intellectually disabled care centres in the Western Cape of South Africa. Twenty-three adults with DS (13 men and 10 women) (31.4 ± 7.4 years) were allocated to an aquatic training group or a control group. The exercise group performed 35 min of aquatic training, three times a week for 6 weeks, with an increase duration of 45 min after 3 weeks. Outcome measures assessed were aerobic capacity, muscular strength, functional ability and balance. RESULTS: The aerobic capacity and functional ability of the participants in the aquatic group improved significantly than in the control group with strong to medium effect sizes. Two out of the three strength parameters also improved significantly than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The functional fitness of adults with DS improved with an aquatic intervention but was insufficient to improve balance and upper body strength. The improvement of various parameters associated with functional fitness is important in this population who age prematurely, suffer from the early onset of age-related conditions, are vulnerable to falls and susceptible to chronic conditions.
Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR, 2019 · doi:10.1111/jir.12687