Classroom Based Intensive Toilet Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
A simple drink-and-sit schedule made four elementary students with autism fully toilet trained and three began asking to go alone.
01Research in Context
What this study did
RThomas et al. (2021) ran an intensive toilet program inside real elementary classrooms. Four students with autism got extra drinks, timed potty sits, praise for success, and quick dry checks.
The team used a multiple-baseline design. They waited to start each child so any change could be pinned on the program.
What they found
Every child hit mastery and stayed accident-free. Three of the four kids also began asking to go on their own.
Gains held without extra help, showing the skills stuck.
How this fits with other research
Staddon et al. (2002) did almost the same package two decades earlier with preschoolers. They also saw zero accidents and self-requests in under two weeks. The new study shows the recipe still works for older kids in today’s classrooms.
Grindle et al. (2012) used the same multiple-baseline classroom design to teach science words. Both studies prove the design spots real learning fast, whether the skill is toileting or vocabulary.
Griffen et al. (2023) tried AI prompts for hand-washing. Their child outcomes were mixed while RR’s toileting hit 100%. The difference hints that toilet training may need fewer moving parts than AI-driven chains.
Why it matters
You can copy this package Monday. Bring water bottles, set a timer for sits, deliver stickers, and check dryness every 15 minutes. No extra staff or fancy tech needed. The data show four kids gained full continence and most started asking to go, saving your team from daily accident clean-ups.
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02At a glance
03Original abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an intensive toilet training program on continence and self-initiation for elementary children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Researchers used a non-concurrent multiple baseline design (Watson and Workman in J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 12:257-259, 1981, https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(81)90055-0 ) with regulated randomization (Koehler and Levin in Psychol Methods 3(2):206, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.206 ) to evaluate the effects of the intensive protocol with four students with ASD in the classroom where they received special education services. The protocol included increased access to fluids, contingent time intervals for sit schedules, programmed reinforcement, and dry checks. All four participants met mastery criteria and maintained independent toileting after the study's completion. Three participants began self-initiating to use the restroom. The implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
, 2021 · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04883-3