Phase-change lines, scale breaks, and trend lines using Excel 2013.

Deochand et al. (2015) wrote a how-to guide for Excel 2013. They showed every click needed to add phase-change lines, scale breaks, and trend lines to single-case graphs.

Graduate students tested the steps. They said the guide was clear and helpful.

The students liked the new task analyses. Their ratings were positive, so the guide is usable.

Deochand (2017) and Fuller et al. (2019) both built faster ways. Deochand gave a free macro that drops locked lines in one click. Fuller gave a reusable template that updates itself. These newer tools replace the 2013 hand-drawn steps.

Lehardy et al. (2021) went further. They wrapped similar Excel skills into a 15-minute video plus checklist. After watching, students jumped from 25% to 94% graph accuracy. The 2013 paper gave the raw steps; Lehardy proved you can teach them quickly.

Chok (2019) extended the same tricks to full functional-analysis graphs. He added reversal, latency, and multielement templates, showing the 2013 basics still work for tougher designs.

If you still run Excel 2013, keep this guide handy for clean phase lines. If you have newer Excel, grab Deochand’s macro or Fuller’s template instead and save time. Either way, pair the tool with Lehardy’s checklist when you train RBTs or students—accuracy jumps to 90% plus in under 20 minutes.