ABA Fundamentals

On the efficacy of a computer-based program to teach visual Braille reading.

Scheithauer et al. (2013) · Journal of applied behavior analysis 2013
★ The Verdict

A 23-minute computerized equivalence lesson teaches sighted adults to read Braille visually, and the skill lasts two weeks.

✓ Read this if BCBAs teaching novel symbol systems or Braille to paraprofessionals or family members.
✗ Skip if Clinicians working only on spoken language or comprehension.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Peters et al. (2013) asked if a short computer lesson could teach sighted adults to read Braille with their eyes. They built a 23-minute program that used stimulus-equivalence training. The screen showed raised-dot patterns and matched them to print letters and sounds.

Participants were neurotypical adults with no prior Braille experience. The team tested two versions of the software. Both used the same equivalence drills but varied the order of lessons.

02

What they found

Both versions worked. Adults could name and read Braille letters right after the lesson. The new skill lasted 7–14 days without extra practice.

No one needed human prompting. The computer alone taught the code quickly and the learning stuck.

03

How this fits with other research

Cameron et al. (1996) ran a similar stimulus-equivalence reading program with children who could not read. They added word-building with tiles and saw kids read new words. C et al. dropped the tiles and still got solid learning, showing the computer drill alone is enough for adults.

Duerden et al. (2012) also used brief computerized training. They taught French children with SLI to hear phoneme differences in just nine 20-minute sessions. Both studies prove short, adaptive screen lessons can jump-start early literacy skills, whether the code is heard or seen.

Goo et al. (2020) replaced paper with iPads for students with intellectual disability. Like C et al., they found the tablet alone could carry the lesson. Together the papers build a line of evidence: digital delivery can teach print, Braille, or phonemes without extra staff time.

04

Why it matters

If you need to teach a new visual code fast, a 20-minute computer module may do it. Try it for Braille, symbols, or foreign alphabets. Set up equivalence drills on a tablet, let the learner click through, and check retention next week. You save staff hours and still get lasting results.

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→ Action — try this Monday

Load a three-pair equivalence drill on a tablet, run it for 20 minutes, and probe Braille letter ID the next day.

02At a glance

Intervention
stimulus equivalence training
Design
single case other
Sample size
81
Population
neurotypical
Finding
positive

03Original abstract

Scheithauer and Tiger (2012) created an efficient computerized program that taught 4 sighted college students to select text letters when presented with visual depictions of Braille alphabetic characters and resulted in the emergence of some braille reading. The current study extended these results to a larger sample (n = 81) and compared the efficacy and efficiency of the instructional program using 2 different response modalities. One variation of the program required a response in a multiple-choice format, and the other variation required a keyed response. Both instructional programs resulted in increased braille letter identification and braille reading. These skills were maintained at a follow-up session 7 to 14 days later. The mean time needed to complete the program was 22.8 min across participants. Implications of these results for future research, as well as practical implications for teaching the braille alphabet, are discussed.

Journal of applied behavior analysis, 2013 · doi:10.1002/jaba.48