This cluster shows how warning sounds or lights can make kids stop fun activities, even without a timeout. Scientists taught rats to press levers for food, then played a buzzer that meant tiny shocks or free treats were coming. The buzzer alone made the rats freeze and stop pressing, proving signals can act like mild punishers. BCBAs can use these ideas to see why a child might suddenly stop working when they hear "no" or see a teacher’s face change.
This cluster contains 65 research articles. Editorial content is being generated — check back soon for a full synthesis, key findings, and practitioner guide.