Comparing video feedback and video modeling plus video feedback for improving soccer skills

Martinez et al. (2024) asked a simple question: does adding a video model to video feedback help kids learn soccer ball control faster?

They worked with neurotypical late-elementary players. Each child got both treatments in an alternating design so the team could see which package worked best.

Both video feedback alone and video modeling plus video feedback quickly improved ball-control skills. The combo gave only a tiny extra boost.

An untreated skill stayed flat, so the gains were clearly from the video packages, not just practice time.

Capalbo et al. (2022) looked almost the same but trained goalkeepers. They saw a big jump only after the full VM-plus-feedback package, not with modeling alone. The difference: goalkeeping is one clear save sequence, while ball control is many quick touches. Complex moves may need the full combo.

Snapp et al. (2024) used plain video feedback for cheer tumbling and still got fast gains, matching the soccer results. Both studies show that simply letting athletes watch their own good reps can be enough for some skills.

Sorrell et al. (2025) took the VM-plus-feedback idea into virtual teacher training. Adults learned trial-based functional analyses online and then used the skills in real classrooms. The package travels well from playground to Zoom room.

You can get solid skill gains with just an iPad and instant replay. Start there if time or staff is tight. Add a model video when the move has one clear form, like a punt or a save. Track each kid’s untreated skill to be sure it’s your video, not maturation, doing the work.