Service Delivery

Self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of oppositional children in rural and remote areas.

Connell et al. (1997) · Behavior modification 1997
★ The Verdict

A 10-week mail-plus-phone parent training package meaningfully cuts oppositional behavior in rural preschoolers without in-person visits.

✓ Read this if BCBAs who serve rural or remote families with young children.
✗ Skip if Clinicians who already use live telehealth coaching and want larger effects.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Researchers mailed a 10-week parent-training packet to families in rural Australia. Each week parents read a short lesson and tried the skill at home.

A clinician called once a week for 20 minutes to answer questions. No one drove to the home or met in person.

02

What they found

Kids showed less arguing, yelling, and defiance than kids on the wait-list. Parents felt more confident and less stressed.

Four months later the gains were still there. Moms also reported better mental health.

03

How this fits with other research

Rodgers et al. (2025) now supersedes this mail model. They kept the remote idea but added live video coaching and group chat. Child behavior improved even more.

McGarty et al. (2018) and Rispoli et al. (2022) extend the concept to autism and Angelman syndrome. Telehealth works for those groups too.

Gerow et al. (2021) shift the focus. Instead of teaching general parenting, they coach parents to run brief functional analyses at home. Remote coaching still works, but the goal is assessment, not broad behavior reduction.

04

Why it matters

You can serve rural families without leaving your office. A printed step-by-step guide plus a weekly check-in call cuts oppositional behavior and lifts parent mood. If you want bigger gains, add video coaching like Rodgers et al. (2025) did. Either way, distance is no longer a barrier to good parent training.

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Send a one-page skill sheet to your next rural parent and schedule a 15-minute follow-up call.

02At a glance

Intervention
parent training
Design
randomized controlled trial
Sample size
24
Population
mixed clinical
Finding
positive
Magnitude
medium

03Original abstract

Twenty-four parents of oppositional preschoolers were randomly assigned to either a self-directed behavioral family intervention condition (SD) or to a waitlist control group (WL). The self-directed parent training program, based on self-regulation principles, consisted of a written information package and weekly telephone consultations for 10 weeks. At posttest, in comparison to the WL group, children in the SD group had lower levels of behavior problems on parent report measures of child behavior. At posttreatment, parents in the SD condition reported increased levels of parenting competence and lower levels of dysfunctional parenting practices as compared to parents in the WL condition. In addition, mothers reported lower levels of anxiety, depression, and stress as compared to mothers in the WL condition at posttreatment. Using mother's reports, gains in child behavior and parenting practices achieved at posttreatment were maintained at 4-month follow-up.

Behavior modification, 1997 · doi:10.1177/01454455970214001