Service Delivery

How to comport ourselves in an era of shrinking resources.

Wolfensberger (2011) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities 2011
★ The Verdict

Treat funding cuts as permanent—keep only the lowest-cost, highest-impact services and prove they work.

✓ Read this if BCBAs who manage programs or budgets in schools, clinics, or waiver settings.
✗ Skip if Clinicians looking for single-case intervention data.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Wolfensberger (2011) wrote a position paper, not a lab study. He warned that the 2008 money crash was permanent. Human-service budgets will keep shrinking, he said.

He told agencies to act now. Cut any support that does not clearly help clients. Keep only cheap, proven practices.

02

What they found

The paper gives no numbers. It claims economic recovery is a mirage. Waiting for old funding levels is dangerous.

Agencies that refuse to slim down will collapse when the next shortfall hits.

03

How this fits with other research

Wolfensberger (2010) is the near-identical twin. Same title, same warning, one year earlier. The 2011 piece simply hammers the message again.

Colombo et al. (2020) and Luckasson et al. (2020) extend the idea. They give ready-made triage tools for ABA and IDD services when crisis cuts arrive.

Frederick et al. (2022) and Oblak (2021) show one cheap path: technician-level telehealth ABA. Their data keep services alive while spending less, exactly what Wolf urges.

Mansell et al. (2010) sounds different at first. It pushes community living for rights reasons, not money. Yet both papers want the same end: close costly, outdated programs and move to lean, evidence-based supports.

04

Why it matters

You cannot assume funding will bounce back. Use the triage sheets from Colombo et al. and Ruth et al. to rank your current cases. Move low-priority clients to telehealth or group models. Document outcomes so you can prove the lean mix still works when the next budget axe falls.

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02At a glance

Intervention
not applicable
Design
theoretical
Population
not specified
Finding
not reported

03Original abstract

A few of us lonely voices have long been warning (e.g., Wolfensberger, 1994, 1997) that the culture of modernism, as embraced by the United States and more or less all other Western societies, is not sustainable, and that collapses both are bound to occur and could be very sudden. Experts on systems theory are well aware that complex systems in particular can collapse much more quickly and drastically than simple ones and are also more difficult to restore. The recent economic crisis is the result of one such unsustainability, and happened with such startling suddenness that even the world's leading economic experts were taken by surprise.There are several points about the current financial crisis of relevance to our discussion.1. The current crisis has been brought about by a combination of the country living beyond its means and a systematic transfer of wealth by immoral (even if legal) means from the lower and middle classes to the uppermost—and widely unproductive, parasitic—class. There is no work that warrants someone getting paid $464 million a year, as many hedge fund managers were in 2008 (Armangue, 2009). No one creates any real new wealth like that, even in a lifetime.Strangely enough, even the economic experts of the world, and the world-class mathematicians (“quants”) who built the mathematical models for the financial market, not only failed to foresee the coming disaster but even contributed to it happening, yet they cannot fully explain it. They have not yet understood the dynamics of postprimary and postsecondary production economies like ours that produce less and less and surrender much manufacture and agriculture to other countries, from whom they then buy commodities and products by going into debt. This is said to “save money” when, in fact, it ruins a country over the long run. Ironically, the leading “quant” who was a major actor in bringing about the 2008 collapse, Daniel Xi Li, was well on his way to a Nobel Prize when his theories blew up (Philips, 2009).2. Societal developments always find expressions in the domain of human services, and a big expression at present—and the one we are concerned with here—is a reduction, as well as feared further reduction, of public funding of human services and advocacy. Even such bodies that are privately funded are experiencing hardships because of reduction of their investment income, capital, paying clients, and/or private donations, the latter despite fairly desperate appeals. When all of society suffers hardships, service and advocacy bodies, and families of vulnerable people, should not imagine that the hardships will pass them by.3. Economic hardships are known to have particularly severe impacts on already vulnerable people.4. There are many authorities in economics, politics, and the media who tell us that the current crisis will be short lived, that recovery will soon (or “is bound to”) take place, and that economic growth will continue where it left off in 2007. However, there are also some doubters, myself included, who suspect that we will never see the prosperity of 2007 again, or for very long. Also, we need to face the fact that as the lonely voices keep pointing out, an even bigger collapse of Western cultural ways is inevitable, sooner or later. Yet, a large proportion of the population does not want to hear these things. They want to be given “good news” and what they call “hope” —in other words, they want to be lied to.5. Even if the financial markets recover somewhat, sooner or later, things must get much worse. There are at least eight reasons why it is doubtful that economic recovery will occur, or will last long if it does.6. What is fairly well understood—though also ignored—is that there are not too many ways in a country can beyond its as we have been is of its 2009). all our current are by going into to other have also been the and the means of production to countries, we have been in a way for the of up and is way of going into to Also, in the United States is a big to the country that the has to There are also of of of by and and and these too are a to the are from the The soon need a of and not to their means is what the experts and as the to the in and of the of no more than and in The is to in a us that more in the need to and 2009). 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Intellectual and developmental disabilities, 2011 · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-49.6.477