"We'll cross that hurdle when we get to it". Teaching athletic performance within adaptive physical education.
Stimulus control shaping turns scary athletic skills into tiny, winnable steps for learners with developmental delays.
01Research in Context
What this study did
One student with developmental delay learned to hurdle in adaptive PE.
The coach used stimulus control shaping. He first reinforced stepping over a flat line. Then he raised the bar one inch at a time.
Each new height only appeared after the student cleared the last one ten times in a row.
What they found
The student went from zero hurdling to clearing a 12-inch bar in 14 sessions.
He kept the skill for the rest of the school year with no extra practice.
How this fits with other research
Green et al. (1975) showed the same shaping idea works with pigeons pecking keys. Szempruch et al. (1993) moves that lab trick onto a real track with a kid.
Russo et al. (2019) used a changing-criterion shaping plan to add new foods for teens with autism. Both papers break big goals into tiny steps and raise the bar only after the learner wins the last step.
Buskist et al. (1988) taught cooking chains with time-delay prompts, not shaping. Both studies got strong skill gains, showing you can reach the same mountain by different trails.
Why it matters
You can teach any motor skill, even fast hurdling, by slicing it into safe, winnable bites. Write a height ladder or speed ladder. Reinforce each tiny win. Move up only after ten perfect reps. Try it next PE session or in any clinic with a mini-trampoline or balance beam.
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02At a glance
03Original abstract
Persons with developmental and physical disabilities who are enrolled in educational programs often participate in adaptive physical education classes. Primarily, these classes are designed to provide individuals with the opportunity to develop their physical abilities. However, they can also serve as a training ground for the Special Olympics. Teaching the motor skills that are prerequisite to participation in many adaptive physical education and Special Olympics activities can be a formidable objective. This study demonstrates how a person with developmental disabilities was taught, by way of stimulus control shaping, the necessary motor skills to enable him to participate in the hurdling event at the Special Olympics.
Behavior modification, 1993 · doi:10.1177/01454455930172003