Validation of a questionnaire to measure mastery motivation among Chinese preschool children.

Leung et al. (2013) built a short checklist to measure mastery motivation in Hong Kong preschoolers. Parents and teachers each answer 16 questions about how the child keeps trying at hard tasks. The team ran Rasch and other psychometric tests to see if the scores are reliable and valid. They included kids with and without developmental delays to check if the tool works for both groups.

Both the parent and teacher forms passed every psychometric test. Scores were stable and lined up with other motivation measures. Children with developmental delays earned lower motivation scores than their typically developing peers. The gap was large enough to show the tool can spot real differences.

Kelly et al. (2022) and Boxum et al. (2018) did the same kind of parent-checklist work in Australia, but for parental and family adjustment instead of child motivation. Their success gives you confidence that short, parent-friendly scales can travel across cultures and still hold up.

Lawer et al. (2009) and Wu et al. (2015) also used Rasch methods to validate preschool tools in Vietnam and Taiwan. All four studies passed their psychometric checks, showing the Rasch approach is a trusted recipe for building sound measures in Asian preschool samples.

No direct contradictions appear; each paper tests a different construct. Together they form a small library of validated Chinese-language scales you can pick from depending on whether you need to track motivation, visual perception, or adaptive behavior.

You now have a free, 16-item parent and teacher scale that is culturally fit for Chinese preschoolers and sensitive to developmental delay. Use it at intake or re-eval to see who needs extra persistence training. Low scores give you a numbers-based reason to target mastery motivation in your next treatment plan.