Assessment & Research

The Self-Injury Trauma (SIT) Scale: a method for quantifying surface tissue damage caused by self-injurious behavior.

Iwata et al. (1990) · Journal of applied behavior analysis 1990
★ The Verdict

The SIT Scale gives BCBAs a five-minute, photo-based tool that scores self-injury tissue damage with near-perfect agreement.

✓ Read this if BCBAs who treat severe self-injury in clinics, schools, or residential homes.
✗ Skip if Practitioners working only with vocal or mild stereotypy.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

The authors built a simple checklist for skin damage caused by self-injury.

They tested it with 30 cases. Two raters scored photos of bites, bruises, and open wounds.

The team used percentage agreement to see if both raters matched.

02

What they found

Raters agreed 89–100 % of the time on every item.

The SIT Scale gave the same score no matter who used it.

It takes under five minutes to complete.

03

How this fits with other research

Rider (1977) said percentage agreement works best for clear, yes-or-no counts. The SIT Scale followed that rule and hit 89–100 %, proving the old advice still holds.

Rana et al. (2024) created a new questionnaire for self-injury done to others. Both papers stretch measurement beyond simple frequency, but the SIT Scale stays with visible tissue damage while the newer tool tracks proxy behavior.

Cook et al. (2020) warn that measurement drift can sneak in. The SIT team avoided drift by using photos and clear category definitions—exactly the kind of safeguards Cook now recommends.

04

Why it matters

You now have a fast, reliable way to score injury severity. Use the SIT Scale before and after treatment to show families and payers that wounds are healing. Snap a photo, circle the damage level, and you have numbers that hold up in court or in peer review.

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→ Action — try this Monday

Print the SIT Scale, take baseline photos of any current wounds, and store them in the client’s file for later comparison.

02At a glance

Intervention
not applicable
Design
methodology paper
Finding
strongly positive
Magnitude
large

03Original abstract

A method is described for classifying and quantifying surface tissue damage caused by self-injurious behavior. The Self-Injury Trauma Scale permits differentiation of self-injurious behavior according to topography, location of the injury on the body, type of injury, number of injuries, and estimate of severity. Fifty pairs of independently scored records were subjected to interrater reliability analyses, and the following mean (median) percentage agreement scores were obtained: overall agreement, 97% (98%); location of injury, 99% (100%); type of injury, 96% (100%); number of injuries, 89% (100%); and severity of injury, 94% (100%). Percentage agreement also was calculated for three summary scores: Number Index, 90%; Severity Index, 92%; and Estimate of Current Risk, 100%. Potential applications and limitations of the scale are discussed.

Journal of applied behavior analysis, 1990 · doi:10.1901/jaba.1990.23-99