Advances in the etiology and neuroimaging of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Soto et al. (2024) pulled together the newest genetic, brain-scan, and environmental findings on ADHD.

They wrote a plain-language map so clinicians can explain to families why the disorder shows up and how brains look different.

The review shows ADHD is not one glitch but a mix of many small gene changes plus early-life events.

Brain pictures reveal weaker front-to-back cables and smaller reward centers—facts you can point to on a scan.

AFarley et al. (2022) is still only a plan to review school tricks for ADHD; F et al. fills the biology side the protocol leaves blank.

Kumar et al. (2025) found that kids who carry both ADHD and motor delays feel worse; F et al. helps you explain the brain reasons behind that extra load.

Najdowski et al. (2003) warned that standard checklists miss ADHD in adults with learning disabilities; F et al. updates the science, pushing you to share modern gene and scan data when those clients are assessed.

You now have current, parent-friendly facts about genes, toxins, and brain wiring to share at team meetings. When medication or assessment questions come up, you can show families real pictures and numbers instead of vague "chemical imbalance" talk.