Assessment & Research

A Review of SAFMEDS: Evidence for Procedures, Outcomes and Directions for Future Research

Quigley et al. (2018) · Perspectives on Behavior Science 2018
★ The Verdict

SAFMEDS flashcard drills look fun but still lack solid proof—use them cautiously while firmer studies catch up.

✓ Read this if BCBAs and teachers running fluency programs in schools or clinics.
✗ Skip if Practitioners who need fully vetted interventions right now.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Quigley and colleagues read every SAFMEDS paper they could find. They looked at how the flashcard drills were run, what was measured, and how strong the proof was. The team wrote a plain-language map of the method instead of running new kids through cards.

02

What they found

The review shows SAFMEDS is still an experiment, not a sure thing. Studies use different timing rules, card sets, and scoring, so results cannot be stacked side-by-side. No clear edge over regular flashcards or worksheets has been shown yet.

03

How this fits with other research

Mostert (2001) did the same style of review for Facilitated Communication and also found no believable benefit. Both papers warn BCBAs to wait for stronger data before adopting a tool.

Urrea et al. (2024) looked at tech vocabulary games for kids with autism. Half of their studies failed or showed mixed results, matching the shaky picture Quigley reports for SAFMEDS.

Fahmie et al. (2018) tell the opposite story: Preschool Life Skills keeps replicating with clear gains. The contrast highlights that SAFMEDS has not yet earned the same "ready-to-use" status.

04

Why it matters

If you run fluency programs, treat SAFMEDS like a pilot tool. Track each learner’s data closely and keep another evidence-based method in the mix. Tell teachers and parents the technique is promising but not proven, and stay alert for new systematic reviews that could flip the recommendation.

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Run a quick baseline with your usual flashcards, then pilot SAFMEDS for one skill while keeping the old method for another, and graph both to see which wins for that learner.

02At a glance

Intervention
not applicable
Design
narrative review
Finding
not reported

03Original abstract

SAFMEDS is an assessment and instructional strategy pioneered in the late 1970s by Ogden Lindsley. SAFMEDS was developed as an extension and improvement of flashcards. The aims of this article are to provide an overview of the literature related to SAFMEDS and to identify further research needs. The results of this review suggest that a great deal of research is still needed to clarify the SAFMEDS procedures and the benefits of SAFMEDS over traditional instruction. These conclusions are in line with broader criticisms of fluency-based instruction.

Perspectives on Behavior Science, 2018 · doi:10.1007/s40614-017-0087-8