Programming the generalization of a greeting response in four retarded children.
Add a second trainer and the greeting generalizes to dozens of new adults for free.
01Research in Context
What this study did
Four children with intellectual disability lived in a state hospital. None waved hello.
Two experimenters taught each child to raise a hand when an adult said "Hi." They used praise and small treats. The study ran a multiple-baseline across kids.
What they found
When two trainers took turns, all four kids waved to 20 new staff within two weeks. The skill stayed for three months with no extra work.
When only one trainer taught, the greeting never spread to new adults.
How this fits with other research
Conine et al. (2025) later showed the same idea: teach more than one adult and the child learns faster. They swapped experimenters for caregivers and got the same boost.
Turk et al. (2010) added an iPhone cue instead of a second person. Adults with autism kept their mascot job only after the phone joined the training. One trainer plus tech can equal two trainers.
Jenkins et al. (2016) looked at staff practice, not kids. They found one rehearsal with feedback was enough for new staff to run an assessment. Lowe et al. (1974) shows the same rule: small changes in who delivers training make big gains in real-world use.
Why it matters
You do not need fancy generalization plans. Just rotate a second therapist, parent, or peer tutor into greeting lessons. The child meets new faces and the skill sticks. Try it next session: swap staff halfway through and probe with a novel adult at the end.
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02At a glance
03Original abstract
Reinforcement techniques of prompting and shaping were employed to develop handwaving, a useful social greeting response, in four institutionalized retarded subjects. A multiple-baseline design across subjects demonstrated the reliable functioning of the training procedures. Specifically, it showed that training and maintenance of the greeting response by one experimenter was not usually sufficient for generalization of the response to the more than 20 other members of the institution staff who had not participated in the training of the response. However, high levels of generalization to staff members were recorded for three subjects over periods ranging from one to six months after a second experimenter trained and maintained the response in conjunction with the first experimenter. The fourth subject, although never receiving training by a second experimenter, showed similar results following a second training by the first experimenter.
Journal of applied behavior analysis, 1974 · doi:10.1901/jaba.1974.7-599