Assessment & Research

Lessons worth repeating: Sidman's <i>Tactics of Scientific Research</i>

Branch (2021) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 2021
★ The Verdict

Sidman’s 1960 rules—steady baselines, within-subject replication, and visual analysis—still make single-case graphs believable.

✓ Read this if BCBAs who design or supervise single-case experiments in any setting.
✗ Skip if Practitioners who only run group-design research.

01Research in Context

01

What this study did

Branch re-read Sidman’s 1960 book Tactics of Scientific Research. He wrote a short essay to remind today’s analysts why the book matters.

The paper is a tribute, not an experiment. It restates three core rules: keep baselines steady, repeat effects within each participant, and let your eyes judge the data.

02

What they found

The reminder is simple. When you follow Sidman’s rules, your single-case graph speaks for itself. Other people can see the same change you see.

Branch shows that modern journals still publish shaky baselines and one-shot demonstrations. The old tactics fix these problems.

03

How this fits with other research

Tincani et al. (2024) give you a preregistration checklist that makes Sidman’s rigor automatic. You write your steady-baseline plan before the first data point.

Dowdy et al. (2022) found that most JABA authors still eyeball graphs without rules. Branch’s essay explains why that habit breaks Sidman’s code.

Cohen et al. (2018) show that social-validity reports are rare. Sidman’s tactics do not ask for them, so the two papers sit side-by-side: one guards internal truth, the other guards social value.

04

Why it matters

Next time you run an ABAB or a multiple baseline, open Sidman’s book first. Plot each phase until the line is flat or predictable. Then, and only then, move to treatment. Your graph will tell a clear story, and other BCBAs will trust it without extra math.

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Keep the current client in baseline until the data path is flat for five consecutive points.

02At a glance

Intervention
not applicable
Design
narrative review
Finding
not reported

03Original abstract

Murray Sidman's (1960) Tactics of Scientific Research: Evaluating Experimental Data in Psychology just celebrated its sixtieth anniversary. It is without doubt one of the most influential books in the history of Behavior Analysis. This review outlines the rationales for, and details of, methods for the investigation of the behavior of individual subjects that Sidman presented. Many of his observations and recommendations are as timely as ever, maybe even more so, given the "reproducibility crisis" and one of its major origins.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2021 · doi:10.1002/jeab.643